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JavaFX is a technology for building Java-based GUIs. Previously it was a part Java itself, but has become a third-party dependency since then. It is now being maintained by OpenJDK.
Java 8 introduced a number of new features (e.g. Lambdas, Streams) that are not trivial to learn but also extremely useful to know.
Here is an overview of new Java 8 features .(written by Benjamin Winterberg)
Tutorials:
Java 8 Tutorial -- from tutorialspoint.com. Also provides a way to try out code online
A video tutorial by well-known Java coach Venkat Subramaniam